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ADHD: Nature, Course, Outcomes, and Comorbidity - Test
by Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D., ABPP

Course content © copyright 2004-2025 by Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D., ABPP. All rights reserved.

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1. The first scientific paper to describe a group of people having ADHD and related disorders was authored by: Help
Melchior Adam Weikard in 1775.
 William James in 1880.
 George Still in 1902.
 Sigmund Freud in 1935.
2. In 1994, the first edition of the DSM-IV stated that ADHD involved the following two symptom dimensions: Help
Inattention and hyperactive-impulsive
 Inattention and working memory
 Working memory and response inhibition
 Hyperactivity and distractibility
3. Although still being debated, increasing weight is being given toward the core deficits in ADHD as comprising: Help
Inhibition, spatial reasoning, and long-term memory.
 Attention, language development, and phonetic decoding.
 Activity regulation, energetic levels, and social judgment.
 Inhibition, executive functioning, and self-regulation.
4. Which symptoms of ADHD are likely to develop first: Help
Antisocial behavior
 Substance abuse
 Oppositional disorder
 Hyperactive-impulsive behavior
5. The symptoms of ADHD: Help
Occur at the same level of severity across all settings.
 Vary as a function of task reward, supervision, and other factors.
 Are always worse in the morning.
 Occur in episodes with periods of remission.
6. In which school settings do ADHD children show the least problems? Help
When behavioral restraint is required
 When task directed persistence is required
 During special events (i.e., field trips, assemblies, etc.)
 None of the above
7. Which of the following is one of the adjustments that was made to the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for ADHD to insure that it is sensitive to the disorder across all ages: Help
The symptom thresholds (6 of 9) for each item list was adjusted to 5 for clients older than 18 years old.
 Entirely separate items were written for females.
 Symptoms of oppositional behavior were included in the symptom lists.
 Items reflecting the emergence of low self-esteem were added to the lists.
8. The DSM-5-TR diagnostic criterion that ADHD develop by age twelve: Help
Was appropriately changed from age seven in DSM-IV.
 Is to be adjusted for males separately from females.
 Does not apply to adults seeking treatment for ADHD.
 Should be adjusted back down to age eight.
9. Discrimination of ADHD children from other groups might best be achieved by which of the following: Help
Blending the reports of parents and teachers
 Relying on teacher reports exclusively
 Obtaining reports from other children who know this child well
 Getting the reports of grandparents
10. Mental disorders like ADHD are considered valid or "real" if: Help
Cultures define them as being disorders.
 The political party in power defines them as being disorders.
 Others perceive a person as requiring treatment.
 Scientific evidence exists that there is a disorder comprises a failure or significant deficiency in a universal mental mechanism that produces harm to those individuals.
11. The prevalence of ADHD varies as a function of: Help
Age.
 Gender.
 Chronic health problems.
 All of the above.
12. Demographic information on ADHD indicates that it is: Help
More common among upper class white Americans.
 More common in boys than girls.
 Not found in Asian countries.
 Found mainly among children of alcoholics.
13. The average age of onset of ADHD symptoms is: Help
First year of life.
 Preschool years, at ages 3 to 4 years old.
 Middle school years.
 Young adult years.
14. During the developmental course of ADHD, which problems are likely to arise between 6 and 12 years old? Help
Psychopathy
 Substance abuse
 Oppositional defiant disorder and aggression
 Hyperactivity
15. What percentage of clinic-referred children with ADHD will likely continue to have the disorder into adolescence? Help
5-10%
 20-25%
 50-80%
 80-100%
16. The most common comorbid associated with ADHD are: Help
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD).
 Anxiety and mood disorders.
 Tic disorders and Tourette's disorder.
 None of the above.
17. Which of the following executive functions are argued by Barkley to be deficient in ADHD? Help
Working memory
 Internalization of speech
 Planning ability
 All of the above
18. ADHD is often associated with which of these developmental disorders: Help
Motor incoordination
 Language disorders and learning disabilities
 Peer relationship problems
 All of the above
19. In Barkley's theory, the executive functions are believed to develop via a common process which is represented by: Help
Different types of information processing.
 Private, covert forms of behavior that have become self-directed.
 Social learning.
 None of the above.
20. The interpersonal behaviors of children with ADHD often include which of the following behaviors? Help
Impulsive, intrusive, aggressive, emotional
 Cold, shy, fearful, and lying
 Manipulative, blaming, grudge-holding
 Excitable, bossy, mean-spirited
21. The most common problems found in the health outcomes of ADHD children are: Help
Accidental injury, sleep problems, and driving impairments.
 Sleep problems, dietary allergies, and lung infections.
 Driving impairments, memory disorders, and early dementia.
 Intellectual disability, accidental injury, and autism.
22. Studies on the etiologies of ADHD have found: Help
The disorder often arises from poor parenting.
 Diet makes a major contribution to risk for the disorder.
 Prenatal exposure to alcohol or tobacco increases risk for the disorder.
 The breakdown in the American family is a major contributor to the disorder.
23. What percentage of children and adults with ADHD are likely to fall into the impaired range on various tests of EF (executive functioning)? Help
90-100%
 60-80%
 35-50%
 5-10%
24. The brain regions identified as likely being linked to ADHD are the: Help
Left posterior hemisphere and hippocampus.
 Frontal lobe, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.
 Brain stem and spinal cord.
 Thalamus, pituitary gland, and optic pathways.
25. Maternal smoking and alcohol consumption: Help
Cause a significantly elevated risk for ADHD.
 Are not involved at all in causing ADHD.
 Are the major cause of ADHD.
 Contribute a small risk for ADHD.
26. Genetics and heredity: Help
Play a minor role in the development of most cases of ADHD.
 Have not been studied for their contribution to ADHD.
 Play a major role in the development of most cases of ADHD.
 None of the above
27. Elevated body lead burden has been shown to: Help
Have no relationship to risk for ADHD.
 Have a small but consistent and statistically significant relationship to ADHD.
 Cause at least 50% of all cases.
 Contribute to nearly all cases of ADHD.
28. Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) (formerly Sluggish Cognitive Tempo): Help
Is just a milder form of the Combined Type of ADHD.
 Shows a lower risk for oppositional and conduct problems and peer rejection.
 Represents a form of masked depression.
 Shows no differences from the Combined Type of ADHD.
29. Which of the following have been repeatedly noted in studies of CDS (SCT) children? Help
Severe and pervasive deficits in executive functioning
 High rates of learning disabilities
 High rates of schizophrenia and autistic spectrum disorders
 Social passivity and withdrawal
30. The term Sluggish Cognitive Tempo was first used in 1980 in describing patients with: Help
Intellectual disability.
 Narcolepsy.
 Autism spectrum disorder.
 ADD without Hyperactivity and later as ADHD - Predominantly Inattentive Type.
31. Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS/SCT) is now viewed as a: Help
Variant of central auditory processing disorder.
 Separate attention disorder from ADHD but overlapping with it.
 Variant of sensory integration disorder.
 None of the above.
32. Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (SCT) symptoms can be usefully characterized as: Help
Having a two dimensional structure (daydreamy-confused, sluggish-lethargic).
 Correlating very highly with ADHD symptoms and thus are indistinct.
 Arising from hypersomnia.
 All of the above.
33. Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (SCT) is associated with higher than typical rates of: Help
Conduct disorder.
 Depression.
 Substance use disorders.
 Anxiety disorders.
34. Some studies have shown children with Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (SCT) may be responsive to: Help
Social skills training.
 Atomoxetine.
 Cognitive behavioral therapy or behavior modification.
 All of the above.
35. Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (SCT) is associated with an elevated risk for: Help
Bed wetting.
 Social withdrawal.
 Sleep walking.
 Ectopic dermatitis.
36. Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (SCT) symptoms are: Help
More strongly related to deficits in executive functioning than are ADHD symptoms.
 Less strongly related to deficits in executive functioning than are ADHD symptoms.
 More likely to predict antisocial personality disorder and drug use.
 None of the above.

 

 

  
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